The Problem Of Project Management - 731 Words

QUESTION 3: CHANGE There are several argument that the failure of project may be caused by the lack of project management while other belief that it is because â€Å"an organization did not focus sufficiently on the people aspects of the project† (Change first, 2009). In fact, the project management is the application of processes, methods, knowledge, skills and experience to achieve the project objectives (APM), coupled with the definition by MSP, â€Å"the programme management provides a framework that integrates and reconciles competing demands for resources, providing a context and control framework for the project of the program† and â€Å"can help organizations avoid the pitfalls and achieve their goals†. However, the other research examined that although the project management provides a means to bridge gap between project delivery and organizational strategy, it is facing some concerns , and lead to the demand of changing business management (Lycett et al., 2004). The APM c onfirmed that disciplined delivery methods are necessary to managing benefits of project, it is not sufficient to ensure benefits realization. This requires the effective planning for changing, the engagement of stakeholders throughout the business change, the change in behaviour and the ability to maintain a business change. So, the change management is significant important to the overcome the project failure by adopt some standards approach. By analysing the model of Kotter process, the role of changeShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Project Management1789 Words   |  8 PagesThings will always go wrong in a project. Issues will always arise and depending on the type of issues it can cause major problems and can damage the potential success of the project. There are ways to limit and repair these issues but they will still make an influence on the final outcome of the project. Effects of Changing External Factors: There will be some factors that are out of the jurisdiction of the project managers and staff, so they cannot prevent these external issues from taking placeRead MoreProject Management Techniques to Practice Problem Solutions1520 Words   |  7 PagesCourse: Code: IT Project Management BIT 361 Handout date: Assignment #: 1 6/2/2014 Home Assignment Student Name: _________________________ Semester: Lecturer: Due date: Spring 2014 Dr. Fadi Abu-Amara Dr. Amer Ibrahim 20/2/2014 Maximum Mark: 100 ID:___________________________________ 1-Learning Outcomes being assessed LO2. Analyze, describe and apply project management techniques to practical problem solutions. 2-Handing in format instructions ï‚ · Sign thisRead MoreProject Management-Extra Crashing Problems with Answers1174 Words   |  5 PagesProblem #1 (Answers on Pages 5-6) Below are the data for a Time-Cost CPM Scheduling model analysis. The time is in days and the costs include both direct and indirect costs. (Time Units = Days). |Activity |Immediate |Normal Time |Crash Time |Normal Cost |Crash Cost | | |Predecessor | | | | | |A |-- |5 |2 |200 |800 | |B |A Read MoreProject Management : Organizations Overcome Common Problems And Challenges Of Managing It Projects1770 Words   |  8 PagesExtensions to which project management is able to help large organisations overcome common problems and challenges of managing IT projects. Introduction Project management has become a means of remaining competitive and deliver results consistently for businesses, a report carried out by the Economist Intelligence Unit mentioned roughly eighty percent of global executives believed having project management as a core competency helped them remain competitive during recession period (Gale, 2009, pRead MoreThe Communication System Project Teams : Problems Of Transfer Knowledge And Information For The Management Of It Projects1077 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication of project teams is a vital factor in the success or demise of a project. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and analyze the article The Communication System Project Teams: Problems of Transfer Knowledge and Information for the Management of IT Projects by Dr. Jerzy Kisielnicki. The paper will provide overview of Dr. Kisielnicki study of communication of a project team, what techniques are used, the effect that the communication has on the project, and the project mana ger’s roleRead MoreThe Most Common Problems in Project Management as Perceived by Project Managers in Abu Dhabi in 20114269 Words   |  18 PagesChapter 1 Introduction Project Management is not something new in today’s world as it has been practiced since the early civilization by early architects and engineers such as Vitruvius, a Roman writer, architect and engineer, Christopher Wren, Thomas Telford and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Though it has been used before, organizations started to apply systematically the project management tools and techniques to complex project in the 1950s. No matter what the size of the organization is, thereRead MoreProject Management : A Common Problem Within The Stakeholder Theory Literature1828 Words   |  8 Pagesstakeholder input to the cost estimating process in project management is a common problem throughout the stakeholder theory literature that focuses on the management of large engineering projects, such as space and software projects (Lucae, Rebentisch, Oehmen, 2014); and. This problem has been linked to the multiple definitions for the term stakeholder (Susser, 2012; Doh Quigley, 2014; Davis, 2014). The literature shows that space projects in the United States exceed original cost estimatesRead MoreCase Study : A Nut- Shell Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthis case study tell us about a big project which faced so many problems within one year of project execution. The completion of this project was 3 years with a large budget of $50M. But due to problems the CHEMICS insurance company decided to update all their pro cesses and systems. This project effect all the departments within the company.So a management team with hired consultants and some members of insurance company was formed.Moreover there was no project manager for this case study.After completionRead MoreProject Managers And The Conflicts That Limit Their Success On Projects1353 Words   |  6 PagesConflicts For Project Managers To Be Successful Mick A. Hansen Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University â€Æ' Abstract This paper focuses on project managers and the conflicts that limit their success on projects. Even though we are in the twentieth century there are still many problems for project managers. In business there are many re-occurring problems all the time as project managers. The issues that arise at times are structured in a way because there are more than one project manager involvedRead MoreInformation Technology And The Field Of Software Development Projects1204 Words   |  5 Pages Software development is all about tasks, milestones and the duration of each one of these. However, a problem has presented itself and that problem is keeping up with the hours allocated for each task. This means there is an insufficient amount of time set aside for software development projects. One might say why not add additional manpower to help support software development projects? According to American computer architect Fred Brooks,that’s a classic mistake known as the â€Å"pre gnant woman†

Eymp 1 Context and Principles for Early Years Provision Free Essays

EYMP 1 – Context and Principles for Early Years Provision Part 1 An explanation of the legal status and principles of the EYF and how national and local guidance materials are used in settings The legal status and principles of the Early Years Foundation stage is used with children aged from birth to five years. The Government have outlined three primary and four specific areas and seventeen early learning goals that they think are important to a child’s development and planning is used to meet a child’s individual needs. An explanation of how different approaches to work with children in early years have affected current provision in the UK Over the years many people have made studies of what they believe were the important factors in providing for children’s needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Eymp 1 Context and Principles for Early Years Provision or any similar topic only for you Order Now All of these pioneers believed that there should be an integrated approach to the early years provision. One of these pioneers that had the greatest influence was Freidrich Froebel. Froebel founded the first kindergarten in 1840 and learned how important it was for children to have real experiences and to be physically active, learning outdoors as well as indoors. He believed that schools should be communities where parents could join their children, and that parents were the first educators of children. Other pioneers were Maria Montessori who devised a structured teaching programme based on watching children with learning difficulties and building on the work of Froebel. She have a different view to him in some areas, for example believing that children should learn to work alone to help them become independent learners and did not see the benefit of play. Rudolf Steiner believed that the first seven years of a childs life were the most important and that they needed a carefully planned environment to develop in a rounded way. Margaret McMillan used many of Froebel’s ideas and thought that play was very important. She believed that nurseries were an extension of the home and not a replacement for it. In the 1920s she set up nursery schools that were copied across the world, having gardens and welcoming families and not just children. One of her most important achievements was introducing school medical services and school meals. She did this because she believed that children could not learn of they were hungry or sick. All of the work of these and other pioneers had an impact on the way that the current provisions in the UK have developed. Why the early years framework emphasises a personal and ndividual approach to learning and development The early years framework emphasises a personal and individual approach to learning and development because valuing a child’s individuality, ideas and feelings is an important part of developing an individual approach to the learning and development. A child has universal physical needs such as food, drink and shelter and psychological needs such as love, affection, security, friendship which are essential to maintaining their quality of life. In recognising and trying to meet an individual child’s needs each child’s age, physical maturity, intellectual abilities, emotional development, social skills and past experiences and relationships need to be considered. Part 2 An explanation of the partnership model of working with carers This enables different services and professionals to join together to prevent problems happening. It is used to support children, young people and families to help secure improved outcomes. A review of the potential barriers to participation of cares and an explanation of how these barriers may be overcome There can be barriers to effective partnership working these include problems in sharing information, people not being clear on their roles and concerned that they may make a mistake. An explanation of strategies that can be used to support carers who may react positively or negatively to partnership opportunities Some people may feel threatened that new approaches are being used which mean that they have to work in different ways to which they have been used to. Some may also not like being managed by someone that has different skills and experience from their own. To overcome these issues team meetings can be used for everyone to help them work together. It will also allow everyone to fully understand the roles and responsibilities of the other services and practitioners. An explanation of how effective multi-agency working operates within early years provision and benefits children and carers The Common Assessment Framework is used to by practitioners to assess the additional needs of and their family and to help identify the services that will be required to meet their needs. The Common Assessment Framework starts with assessment and information sharing of the childs development within the EYFS, the care and support offered, the overall family and environment. Using this information the lead professional will work with the team and the parents to put in place a plan to support the child’s development. The Common Assessment Framework has a standard form that is used to record and share with others the details of the assessment. The things that are important are clear and effective communication between the professionals and the agencies, keeping accurate records and maintaining confidentiality. How to cite Eymp 1 Context and Principles for Early Years Provision, Essay examples

Critical Analysis of Dramatic Irony in Hamlet free essay sample

Critical Analysis of Dramatic Irony in Hamlet Ophelia loves Hamlet although we believe he doesn’t feel the same way towards her by the way he treats her at certain times in the play, but he truly in the end does show he loved Ophelia. This incident manipulates audience sympathies, develops character and develops the conflict of the play. It manipulates the audience sympathies because it’s showing something that the audience has probably seen in reality. When there’s an incident like this occurring in real life, people will feel sad because of the negative things that are happening to a person. In this incident, the audience knows that she’s been falling for Hamlet, and still the audience would prefer seeing the best outcome happen to Ophelia, though the audience knows the reason for it to not happen, therefore the audience sympathies become manipulated. This incident develops the character because by Hamlet not feeling the way she does towards him, it gives the audience an insight on how Hamlet feels about women. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Dramatic Irony in Hamlet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this case, the audience can see that Hamlet’s disgust of his mother’s sudden marriage makes him become an antagonist towards women. He thinks they’re all alike, easy to persuade like his mother was persuaded by his uncle and in haste too. It develops the conflict of the play because throughout the play, a new negative feeling of Hamlet’s, always becomes expressed, and follows one after another. It builds on to the play, which makes Hamlet say later on, â€Å"to be or not to be. Each time Hamlet feels bad the more he doesn’t value his life and the more he feels like being dead. In conclusion, this is how the incident has an affect. It does so many things to the play, like how it brings out a character, how it reaches out to an audience, and how it builds on the conflict. This incident is one of important parts of the play because without it, we may not see Hamlet the way we see it now.

Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay Example

Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Paper Shylock the infamous money-lender in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, is a complex character and far more than a caricature of a Jewish villain. In Elizabethan times Jews were often discriminated against because of their faith and beliefs. It was accepted for Christians to discriminate against Jews. Anti Semitism was based on religious events. The medieval myth that Jews needed to kill young boys once a year to reinact the death of Christ and use the blood for the making of unleaven bread, had its roots from the biblical account of the massacre of the innocents, which King Herod carried out because he was terrified of being overthrown as the King of Judea by the infant Christ. Many however, also believed that if Jews converted to Christianity, all of their sins would be forgiven and they would be accepted into the arms of the Christian God. It was widely believed that Jews were responsible for the execution of Christ and so they were believed to be working with the devil. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although Jews were not allowed to own property, they were often prosperous business and engaged in money-lending, which Elizabethan Christians were not allowed to do. All the prejudices that people had concerning Jews prompted them to become portrayed as evil villains of Elizabethan dramas. At the time The Merchant of Venice was written, the Jew had become the character that the Elizabethan audience loved to hate; so Shakespeare may have seen an opportunity to make money and included Shylock as the villainous Jew in his play. Another example of a Jew being used as a villain in an Elizabethan drama is, The Jew of Malta or The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta, written by Christopher Marlowe. In this play, Barabas carries out many immoral actions and is often unfavorably compared to other men of different faiths. Shylock is first recognised as a typical Jewish villain, when he reveals to the audience (out of earshot from Antonio and Bassanio) his ambition, If I can catch him once upon the hip, / I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. Shylocks statement is sinister and twisted and gives the audience the feeling that all Shylock is out to do is to ruin Antonio. Shylock later discloses the reason why he wishes for Antonio to be caught in a weak spot is because he is a Christian and a threat to Shylocks business as Antonio loans money out to his friends without charging interest. This shows quite a negative attitude towards Antonio and Christians. The reference to an ancient grudge could also represent the treatment of Jews through the ages by Christians in general. Perhaps Shylock is taking out his anger on Antonio, to avenge the way he has been treated by Christians throughout his life. The fact that Antonio spat at Shylock would have given the concept of revenge a personal edge. Another point in the play where Shakespeare depicts Shylock as the typical Jewish rogue is when he reveals the bond, which Antonio must sign, to borrow three thousand ducats. Be nominated for an equal pound / Of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken / In what part of your body pleaseth me. This creates a sense of hatred within the audience towards Shylock, as this is a despicable idea. This is also an action of a typical Jewish villain as Elizabethans believed that Jews were bloodthirsty from what they had read in the Bible. So, Shylocks desire to draw his victims blood is a stereotypical action of a Jewish villain by Elizabethan standards. Shylock is using Antonios need to borrow money as an opportunity for revenge to perhaps feed fat the ancient grudge he has for him. Most characters who comment on Shylock in the play only present him as a villain and see him as nothing else. When Jessica speaks of Shylock, her father, she doesnt mention anything about loving him but she says she is ashamed of him, To be ashamed to be my fathers child! To be ashamed of your own parents is an unfortunate position to be in. This shows how detestable Shylock is as he is despised by his own daughter. The reason for Jessica to be ashamed of her father maybe the fact that she dislikes the way he conducts business. I am not his manners. This suggests that Jessica may know about the bond Shylock has made with Antonio and feels disgusted at her fathers behavior. This is probably the last straw for Jessica and this may be why she decides to leave home and start a new life with a Christian, perhaps to fit in with society. At this point the audience would empathise with Jessica as no one would want to hear that their father conducts his business in a particularly threatenin g and vengeful manner. It is obvious that father and daughter are not emotionally close as he is more worried about the money and jewels that Jessica took with her than about her well being. When Tubal returns with the news that he has not found where she is the first thing that Shylock says, A diamond gone cost me two thousand ducats in Frankfurt! This remark shows clearly that Shylocks mind appears to focus exclusively on mercenary matters. He is not concerned about his daughters welfare but is very concerned about his missing money. At this point the audience probably realise that Jessica has made a lucky escape from her selfish and unloving father. Shylock receives more hatred from the audience and they probably see him to deserve to lose everything at the end as he really is a cold man and all he cares for is his fortune. Shylock is such a bitter man that he wishes Jessica was dead, I would my daughter dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear: would and the ducats in her coffin. The wish of his daughters death emphasises just how bitter and twisted Shylock actually is. The ducats in her coffin. This shows that Shylock doesnt really care for anything or anyone else in his life apart from himself, his money and getting revenge on Antonio. Lancelot Gobbo, Shylocks servant, dislikes Shylock for the reason that he is not paid fairly and he also believes that he would become a Jew if he served Shylock any further. Lancelot says to Bassanio about Shylock, you have the grace of God, sir, and he hath / enough. This shows that Lancelot also believes that only Christians have the ability to have the blessing of God and perhaps that Jews will go hell because they are sinning by being Jewish and not Christian. Salarino and Solanio, Christian friends of Antonio, dont think very highly of Shylock as Solanio says, Let me say amen betimes, lest the devil cross my prayer, for here he comes in the likeness of a Jew. Here Shakespeare causes the audience to think about how much hatred someone must have for another in order to call them the devil. This is a horrible insult as it implies Shylock is an evil person and makes the audience feel more loathing towards him. They would agree with Solanio that only someone wicked could think of such a despicable thing as the bond Shylock has made with Antonio. The reference to the devil would have been even more of an insult in Elizabethan times as hell and the devil were taken literally in those days. They believed that the devil was an active evil which was out to corrupt honest people. So for people to think of Shylock as the devil is a massive insult. Not only is Solanio insulting Shylock but he is also insulting the whole Jewish community, here he comes in the likeness of a Jew. This could be interpreted in the way that Solanio may be saying that all Jews are in the image of the devil this could be very insulting to the Jewish community as in those day the term the devil was taken in a very literal way. There are three points in the play however, where Shakespeare attempts to extract as much sympathy as possible for Shylock, from the audience. The first point in the play the audience may start to feel sympathy for Shylock is in his Hath a dog money? speech in Act one Scene three. In this speech, Shakespeare depicts Shylock as the victim of Antonios vicious hatred towards him. The repetition of dog throughout the speech shows the harshness of Antonios treatment of Shylock; And foot me as you spurn a stranger cur At this point the audience might feel a great sympathy for Shylock as no one can imagine how it must feel to be treated as a stray dog. Shakespeare shows how much Shylock loathes this treatment as he carries on repeating the term dog throughout the famous speech. This would encourage the audience to understand Shylocks feelings and try to see the situation from his point of view. Antonio humiliates Shylock in public, In the Rialto you have rated me / About my monies and my usances. Antonio curses Shylock in the street just because he earns a living by charging interest on money he loans out. This again shows that Shylock has been victimised for something we would consider minor and way in which he earns money. From an audiences perspective in Elizabethan times this would probably be accepted as it was against a Christians morals to be involved in this kind of business. Today, however, the behavior which Antonio has displayed would be highly unacceptable as the way in which someone earns money has nothing to do with anyone else. The audience would be led to sympathise further with Shylock when he reveals the awful things that Antonio said to him the past, You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gabardine. The language that Antonio is claimed to have used is vindictive and bitter; it is also extremely cutting. This creates a sense of awkwardness within the audience hearing about Antonios racist language. The term cut-throat dog shows just how merciless and unscrupulous Shylock is; it also suggests someone who is at their lowest ebb. It can also be seen as an extremely vicious dog that cuts people throat it almost resembles a wolf. Shakespeare may have intended to show Shylock as the victim of harsh racial abuse. Antonio treats Shylock with absolute disdain as Shylock keeps repeating cur, so this shows that Antonio actually hates Shylock. A further point in the play where the audience is made to feel sympathy for Shylock is in his Hath not Jew? speech in Act three Scene one. It is debatable as to whether Shakespeare is trying to poke fun at Shylock in this speech. However, I believe Shakespeare is genuinely trying to create a feeling of compassion towards Shylock. For an Elizabethan audience, the speech would cause them to contemplate how they treat Jews when Shylock explains that they are basically the same as everyone else, I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Shylock is desperately trying to seek acceptance from the people around him. This would create a great sense of sadness for Shylock as he is only trying to live his life just like everyone else. Shakespeare writes Shylocks speech as if he is pleading with Salarino to stop treating him as if he is something other than a human being. Perhaps Shakespeare is using Shylock as the voice of the Jewish community talking to the Christian community. This makes the audience sympathise with Shylock and see that it is wrong for someone to have to plead with others to recognise their humanity. Shylock is putting the point across that he is only behaving in the way that he has been treated. This speech produces the maximum amount of sympathy from the audience as Shylock says all this to Solanio and Salarino after he has heard that his daughter, Jessica has runaway. The audience would probably feel disgust for Salarino and Solanio as they taunt Shylock when he is at his lowest. The last point when the audience may feel that Shylock is a victim is near the end of the play when he leaves court a broken man after losing his money and his faith. Antonio insists, He presently become a Christian. Shylock no longer has anything to live for he has lost his family, his wealth and now his faith. The audience can only imagine how it feels to have your beliefs forced upon you. The final feeling the audience would have of Shylock is sympathy as he promptly leaves the play never to be heard of again by the audience. This links in to an earlier point which I made, that in Elizabethan times where Christians actually believed that if you were anything other than a Christian you would go to hell. So perhaps Antonio was actually trying to save Shylock from hell. Shakespeare does present Jews in a sympathetic light and proves he is not being simply racist by the two most well known speeches in the play. I think Shakespeare uses Shylock as a Jewish villain as it was a great seller in that period of time to have a Jewish character which the Elizabethan audience loved to hate. However, Shakespeare does attempt to challenge the stereotype throughout the play as he uses Shylocks Hath a Jew? speech as a challenge to the treatment of Jews. Mostly I think Shakespeare was more interested in earning money than being racist and anti-Semitic towards Jews. Overall, I think that Shakespeare intends to present Shylock as a villain but he also shows his human side which perhaps explains why Shylock acts the way he does. I believe that Shylock received his just desserts at the end of the play as he was prepared to kill a man just for revenge. Although Shylock was driven to this by abuse, he could have shown his human side and acted as the better man. The fact that Shylock even thought of such a bond proves he is a villain through and through. Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great#Herod_in_the_New_Testament

Free Essays on Chasepeak Vs. New England In 1700s

â€Å"Community organizing refers to the entire process of organizing relationships, identifying issues, mobilizing around those issues, and building an enduring organization†. (Stoecker and Stall, 1996). Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by the people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The reasons for this distinct development were mostly based on the level of religious idealism, motives of people who came to settle in these colonies, the environment, & area around them, and the source of economy along with their social life. The first and maybe the most important factor that resulted in two different colonies at the same time period was the motivation of people who migrate to these regions. On one hand, the puritans, who colonized the New England, were very religious. They wanted to create a model society in which there were limits to legitimate commercial behavior, and the religious idealism would turn into a renewed sense of community. They were very strict in their religious beliefs. From the Article of Agreement, Springfield, Massachusetts it is clear that religion was the basis for general laws. It uses the phrase "being by God’s providence engaged together to make a plantation", showing that everything was done in God’s name. The Wage and Price Regulations in Connecticut is an example of common laws being justified by the bible. Also in this document the word "community " is emphasized, just as Winthrop emphasizes it saying: "we must be knit together in this work as one man". The i mmigrants to New England formed very religiously oriented communities. They considered themselves as spiritual members of Church of England, and created a system of self-governing congregations that completely ignored the authority of Anglican bishops, and was governed by Saints. Yet on the other hand Chesapeake society was based on the personal gain and pr... Free Essays on Chasepeak Vs. New England In 1700's Free Essays on Chasepeak Vs. New England In 1700's â€Å"Community organizing refers to the entire process of organizing relationships, identifying issues, mobilizing around those issues, and building an enduring organization†. (Stoecker and Stall, 1996). Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by the people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The reasons for this distinct development were mostly based on the level of religious idealism, motives of people who came to settle in these colonies, the environment, & area around them, and the source of economy along with their social life. The first and maybe the most important factor that resulted in two different colonies at the same time period was the motivation of people who migrate to these regions. On one hand, the puritans, who colonized the New England, were very religious. They wanted to create a model society in which there were limits to legitimate commercial behavior, and the religious idealism would turn into a renewed sense of community. They were very strict in their religious beliefs. From the Article of Agreement, Springfield, Massachusetts it is clear that religion was the basis for general laws. It uses the phrase "being by God’s providence engaged together to make a plantation", showing that everything was done in God’s name. The Wage and Price Regulations in Connecticut is an example of common laws being justified by the bible. Also in this document the word "community " is emphasized, just as Winthrop emphasizes it saying: "we must be knit together in this work as one man". The i mmigrants to New England formed very religiously oriented communities. They considered themselves as spiritual members of Church of England, and created a system of self-governing congregations that completely ignored the authority of Anglican bishops, and was governed by Saints. Yet on the other hand Chesapeake society was based on the personal gain and pr...

7 Places to Look for Part-time Jobs

7 Places to Look for Part-time Jobs Part-time jobs are a great opportunity to earn  income and/or develop a new  skill set if you don’t  the time or flexibility to commit to a full-time job. Unfortunately, finding a part-time job is not as simple as you might think. Consider these seven tried and true places to look in order to avoid ending up among the ranks of frustrated part-time job seekers. 1. Local Staffing AgenciesWhile some staffing agencies work only with candidates seeking full-time jobs, others specialize in flexible work arrangements and may have extensive connections with employers looking to fill part-time or seasonal positions. Contact local staffing agencies to find one that meets your needs.2. Classified Ads- Print and OnlineWhile the days of searching your local newspaper listings with a red pen in hand may be coming to an end, the classifieds remain a viable source for finding part-time work. Online help wanted advertising sites also contain part-time employment opportunities. And donâ⠂¬â„¢t forget about sites like Craigslist, which may contain less traditional jobs with more flexible hours.One word of caution: when using Craigslist and similar sites, be sure to take safety measures when it comes to giving out personal information and refrain from accepting interviews at non-public locations.3. Online Job BoardsBecause online job boards are searchable, they make it easier than ever to find a job that suits both your skill set and time constraints. Using the site-provided filter, narrow your search to part-time jobs and see only those that make sense for your schedule.4. Unemployment AgenciesDo you think of unemployment agencies as the places to go when you don’t have a job, as opposed to when you’re looking for one? Think again. Aimed at helping people find work, unemployment agencies maintain databases of current local openings. These may include both full-time and part-time opportunities in industries ranging from food service to retail to healthc are.5. Shoot SmallMany smaller companies, including startups and â€Å"solopreneurs,† are more willing to offer employees flexibility in the workplace. Why? Because they may not yet  have the funds or workload  to support a full-time employee, or may lack sufficient office space for another full-time worker. Expanding your search beyond corporate into smaller- and often specialized  organizations, such as non-profits, museums, libraries, and churches- can yield results.6. Network, Network, NetworkMany employers aren’t eager to waste time and resources advertising part-time jobs. This is where your network comes in. If you let friends- both in person and online- know that you’re looking for part-time work, you’ll likely be pleasantly surprised by what turns up.7. Consider FreelanceA new breed of freelance job boards- such as eLance and oDesk- offer scores of contract and freelance jobs for everyone from software programmers to creative writers. If yo u’re looking for a part-time job that allows you to work from home, these niche job sites deliver.While finding part-time employment can be a challenge, perseverance- and knowing where to look- will ultimately pay off in the form of a job that not only meets your scheduling needs, but also your unique skill set.

Millennials group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Millennials group - Essay Example For this essay, the main focus is on the Millennials group. This Millennials key identifying feature is that it is brought up in a digital world. The Millennials are referred to as the Generation Y group, who are between the adolescent age and 30yrs old (13-30yrs). This is the newest group of generation. There are different types of generations: 1) â€Å"the great generation† born in 1925-1942; 2) baby boomers born in 1945-1964; 3) generation Xers born in 1965-1976, and 4) generation Y, born in 1977-2000. All these generations have a considerable impact on the workforce but with the rising numbers of Millennials in the workforce, more changes may yet to come on how organizations operate. Notably, the majority of the top executive positions in various organizations are occupied by the Great generation or baby boomers than the Generation Xers and lastly the lower positions by the Millennials (Smith 1). Millennials â€Å"are the most ethnically and racially diverse cohort of you th† in history. They are an emerging group of all time in U.S. history to be more politically active, for example, during the 2008 elections 66% of them endorsed Obama as they preferred candidate as compared to 32% who voted for McCain. These figures show a huge gap as compared to other generations voting figures which were closely equal. They are also the generation with good familiarity with recent technology as parts of their daily lives â€Å"like tweeting and texting, facebook, YouTube†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They are also not religious as compared to the other generations. The Millennials always have a tendency of desiring regular promotions in their jobs and for them to climb the ladder quickly to the top managerial positions. They rely on mentoring and have strong personalities of achieving more each day.

A Role for Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

A Role for Theory - Research Paper Example Theory therefore has become the basis of further advanced learning. The group theory perspective is one important idea that could help explain public-policy origination, implementation and/or execution. At some point, this covers elemental ideas that could help explain the preferences of certain political parties (Simon, 2010, p.24). As observed, people when come into a group would usually create strong political power. In fact, when there is consensus over everything, power or voices of the majority usually prevails. More about these ideas are actually emphasized in detail through the group theory perspective. Therefore, it is important that even though theory would not become the basis of the actual truth, it could stand as a significant framework prior to the discovery of more advanced form of learning. Theory therefore could either be proven or should become the basis of improving higher form of knowledge or ideas on certain things. In the case of group theory together with its p erspectives, it is clear that it has become the basis and even stepping stone to leapfrog in the field of public policy origination, implementation and/or execution. Group theory is composed of theoretical models of group behavior which one could use to predict the kind or level of policy creation or implementation needed (Smith, 2007, p.6). In other words, with group theory one would have the chance to picture out certain group behavioral models so as to provide substantial reduction of complexity in understanding group behaviors. After all, policy creation and implementation relied on certain things and these include group reaction or its level of response. I believe that generally public policy theories have a role to play in the daily lives of policy practitioners as these would supplement their understanding of the policy-making activities aside from actual

The Reality of the Truth Essay Example for Free

The Reality of the Truth Essay What exactly is the truth? Is it reality, sincerity, integrity? Is it accuracy and honesty? How can we tell the difference between the truth and lies? Why does the media have the power to decide for us what is true? As Oscar Wilde once said The truth is rarely pure and never simple. This statement sums up the difficulties of telling the truth, and this is furthermore shown in Rob Sitch et als Frontline, Lies by Michael Leunig and the poem Nothing to Report by May Herschel Clarke. The television show Frontline follows the day to day running of a current affairs show. It shows both on and off air aspects of what people involved with television go though on a daily basis. Mike Moore (Rob Sitch) plays the naive host of the show, who seems to think the whole world revolves around him. An example of this is when Emma sarcastically thanks him for helping with a story and he says Thats ok. Brian is the executive manager of the show and he ultimately decides what is shown on the show and what isnt. Brooke is another reporter who uses deception and manipulation to present the truth. Emma does work behind the scenes and often she should be credited, but the reporters need their ego maintained so she is never recognised for her hard work. Marty is another reporter who has been in the business for a long time, and although he knows about Frontline presenting the incorrect truth, he does nothing to stop them. Like all current affairs shows, the team at Frontline are concerned with gaining ratings every night, rather than telling the real truth to people. One example of this is during the episode Add sex and stir where Brooke interviews a woman booted off her sports team because she wasnt a lesbian. This in fact is not the truth because she was kicked off the team due to her poor form, not her sexuality. Viewers are then manipulated into thinking that the sport is a lesbian sport, and the reputations of the team and sport are ruined. Marty sums up this sensationalising of real truth in one quote, Ancient current affairs recipe my grandmother gave me, you take any story, add sex and stir (Marty, Add sex and stir) Dismissal of the real truth is another technique that the current affairs show Frontline uses to gain ratings. In the episode We aint got dames, Mike wishes to do a story on illegal sweatshops, but Brian dismisses it as being too heavy for the viewers. After much persuasion, Mike thinks he has convinced Brian to show his story (because his ego has finally been satisfied), but the story ends up being a fashion show, totally insulting any work that Mike has done. Although this story did attract more viewers than the sweatshop story would have, it only promotes the fact that viewers lack in knowledge about the real current issues, and they need to show pretty people with bright lights to get their attention. There are many techniques used in Frontline which expose the manipulation that current affairs shows go through to gain ratings. Irony is shown in the episode The siege, where Brooke asks Mrs. Forbes to sign a contract so only frontline can report her story because, Some shows are very unscrupulous (Brooke, The Seige) Brooke says not to give the story to other stations because they might twist her story around to bring out a point she wasnt making, but the irony was that their show was doing exactly that. Use of a handheld camera behind the scenes of the current affairs show can bring out the truth behind the lies, what we see on television may not be true in real life. This applies to Mike in the episode Add sex and stir where he is on Burkes Backyard. He is asked questions about current affairs and does not know how to answer them, then tries to defend himself by asking Burke about plants but he knows everything about them. Although he is shown as an intelligent and well presented man on television, in real life he doesnt know anything. This is also seen when Mike takes part in an ABC debate, but during his introduction all of his material is said and Mike doesnt have anything good to say, which shows that he is not a good speaker in person as he is behind the desk. There is also use of verisimilitude in the show Frontline, with many real media personalities being on the show to make it seem more realistic in telling the truth. Examples of these celebrities are Harry M Miller, Cheryl Kernot, and Bert Newton. The cartoon Lies by Michael Leunig also exposes that the media manipulates and distorts the truth, so it really is presented to us as a lie or the untruth. The cartoon shows people living in their world, but everything has the label lies on it. The billboard which says lies shows that many companies engage in deceptive advertising, and although they arent supposed to do that, they still convince people to buying their products. The newspaper titled lies shows that journalists write from their own perspective and can distort the truth to suit their opinions. The person wearing the lies shirt shows that behind brand name corporations there are lies. An example of this is making clothing in sweatshops then selling it for triple the price of what its really worth (like Nike shoes) and people are paying top dollar just to wear a symbol, which supposedly brings them into an elite group of people, but really they are just lying to themselves. The point Michael Leunig is trying to make is enforced through the main technique of repetition. The word lies is seen 11 times in the comic, and it is the only word on the cartoon. If lies was only mentioned once, many people would not take notice of it, but since it is printed on the billboard, buildings, truck, newspaper, shirt and drink, it shows that lies are everywhere and it really is a big issue. Like the television series Frontline, this cartoon exposes that the world we live in is full of lies and deception, and the media controls what we see and listen to. It is their opinion what we believe, and many people, rather than refuting what is being presented to them in the media, just believe it and keep going with their lives. The poem Nothing to Report by May Herschel Clarke is written during the war times (1940s). During this time, leaders of the country were trying to convince people to fight overseas as a soldier, with hope of coming back as a brave hero. For this heroic image to come to light, anything negative about death in the war would have to be shielded from the people, or else they wouldnt enlist. Ms Clarkes poem targets this issue, talking about how easily death can come, One minute we was laughin next he lays beside me, grinnin dead. After the death, the papers had nothing to report; therefore they were with holding the truth from people. May Herschel Clarke couldnt possibly have been the only one with a death not reported, but no one else seemed to be doing anything about it, because the media has always been very powerful. The poem is written in colloquial language, which could reflect on her education, upbringing or location. This could also be written in that style to follow a rhyming sequence. The last line is a metaphor which shows that the paper is such an effective form of communication, it might as well be a person. Theres nothin to report the papers said This text is very similar to the television series Frontline, in trying to expose the media in its with holding and distortion of the truth. Another example in frontline of withholding the truth is during the episode This night of nights where Mike wishes to do a story about Telecom tapping into phone conversations, but seeing as they are a major sponsor of the television show, frontline cant expose the truth, and give Mike a mobile phone to help him forget about it. If this truth was exposed, telecom would have received many complaints and much abuse, but they would have deserved it. Instead there are still people at home not suspecting a thing. In the end Mike is disadvantaged from not pursuing the story because they listen to his phone conversation about being caught drink driving, and expose him in the newspapers. In the poem Nothing to report, the last line sums up that the media does with hold information and it shouldnt be their right to decide what we see or dont see. Telling the truth is a hard concept to deal with. From the texts Frontline (Rob Sitch et. al. ), Lies by Michael Leunig and Nothing to Report by May. Herschel Clarke we can see that the media does control what we see and believe, but it isnt necessarily the truth. Why does the media have the power to decide what is true? Well if they presented us the facts and let us decide for ourselves, they wouldnt have ratings. We are surrounded by the media (as seen in lies) and it is hard for us to ignore it all. The truth is rarely pure and never simple, in listening to the truth there is always some form of bias, but we must leave it to ourselves to find out many versions of the so called truth and decide for ourselves what we believe. Thank you.

The Small-Scale Study of an Open-Air Market in a Culturally Foreign Setting :: Essays Papers

The Small-Scale Study of an Open-Air Market in a Culturally Foreign Setting The task of learning about the broad patterns within a culture can be a daunting one, and attempting to uncover specific details about a foreign cultural setting is often a frustrating and difficult endeavor. The concept of cross-cultural understanding, however, is not one that can be approached with timidity. By nature, cultural study requires a degree of immersion, a willingness to get one's hands dirty and assault the senses with unfamiliar sights, sounds, smells, and tastes. Only through this experiential learning process can cultural understanding be truly achieved, one small step at a time. Four the past five months, I have undertaken this very assignment: to seek and uncover various cultural trends in a foreign setting through careful study of one aspect of society in that culture. Through this method I have been successful in leaning about both general aspects of culture and some particularities of the cultures I have encountered. The basic goal of the project is simple, to learn the workings of a small-scale market in a culturally foreign setting. Though this, I may be able to explore and discern cultural aspects of the marketplace. This includes both cultural trends influencing the market, and vice versa. Several questions are of particular interest. How does the market function? The economic side of the inquiry includes what sources of goods and materials are available and used, how is a shop rented or owned, and how the labor force is composed. Things like inputs, transactions, prices, demographics, regulation, and the development of the market are all considered. Next, what is the market's function in the city? Whose needs are served, which needs are served, and what is the market's place in the economy of the city or region? Also, what is the direct cultural significance of the market? Are there visible dependence relationships between the market and those who act within it? I will also consider the hist orical context. How and why was the market formed? Finally, what is the future of the market? Will it switch from a local to a tourist market? As you can see, many issues have been raised which may lead to conclusions about the culture of a given setting. In short, what can we learn about how people live by examining how they buy and sell in a market setting?

Educational Memories Essay

I first came into Wakefield City High School on September 1994. I had to go to the hall for an assembly. I was nervous I didn’t know anyone. There was no one else from my old school just me. I was sat down feeling nervous in the assembly just then the head of lower school called out my name. They decided which tutor group I should go to Mrs Ellis’s classroom. I made a few friends in my class Tariq, Ajmal, Safdar and Zulfiqar. At first we all used to have the same timetable and I would ask them which lessons we would have next and which room the lesson would be held. But then gradually we were put into different groups meaning different timetable. Most of the teachers didn’t like us. In maths we would look in the back of textbooks for answers that would be in are maths work. In science we made a mess of all the experiments. I broke three beakers and two test tubes, once I squirted hydrochloric acid at the black board the mark is still there. My music teacher liked me because I was good at the essays and minor music tests. I scored a high mark in the music exam but I was awful at playing music. I blew up the keyboard adapter. We would throw water balloons at everyone in the winter and set of bangers at bonfire week. In food technology the teacher hated are cooking we never cleaned up after we had finished. In art we used to draw pictures on are art folders even though she told us not to draw on them. We would draw a picture of a liver floating in a swimming pool and write next to it Liver+pool FC. My art teacher was Austrian and she would were these big black German boots and walk very disciplined like a solider. I thought she was related Adolph Hitler. In D+T resistant materials we had a teacher called Mr Taylor. Mr Taylor was tall and was a very moody person. When he was drunk he was alright. But when he was sober he was on a short fuse. He would never repeat himself. If anyone in the class asked, â€Å"sir what was the question I didn’t understand it sir† he would start shouting and tell you to just do your work. He was tall skinny and atleast 30 years old. He would wear a white shirt with black pants. His hair had a lot of gel on it and his sideburns were completely shaved of. He always thought he was cool so he always brushed the side of his hair back. He never use to send students to isolation but he sent me because I was outside the school uniform by wearing white trainers. Whenever he explained to the whole class the work, what we had to do. I always fell asleep. So I always washed my face before entering the classroom. If you did anything wrong he would give dirty look and make you look like an idiot as though you are stupid and not clever. In the last two years all the teachers started getting on with me. I started doing well in my science and D+T. I got a high score in my science modular tests and I was predicted a c in my final G. C. S. E exam. In D+T I got a c for my coursework in G. C. S. E project Table. In my final two years at school Mr Taylor would not talk about work in D+T because we know what we had to do finish the design work. Instead Mr Taylor what talk about general interests and all kinds of things that he heard on the news saw in the papers or saw on TV. Most of al this talk was irrelevant but it was just to keep us company while we were working in the workshop and in the classroom. He would even put the radio on in the workshop and we would often have debates. He would view us as engineers including himself, which he was and he viewed the common man as underpaid labourers. He told us about his last job that he would operate a machine. He would just set the material on the machine and program the machine, then he would let the labourer do all the moving and lifting basically the heavy work. He said all this with confidence thinking non-of us would become a labourer, he thought we would all do well with his help D+T. He developed a relationship, which went from student and teacher to colleagues, and everyone knew what to do. We developed confidence in the workshop. I would use the sander and go into the store cupboard looking for whatever I needed to assemble the project. I would use all the machines, tools and equipment in my surrounding. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mildred Taylor section.

Punishment fit the crime Essay

The just-desert approach to sentencing aims to â€Å"make the punishment fit the crime. † Just deserts is a very old idea revived periodically when officials are desperate for a simple solution to the crime problem. It swept the United States with some success in the 1970s because a few articulate professors and others, when disillusioned with the rehabilitation emphasis of the preceding decades, momentarily overlooked the realities of criminal justice system. They were charmed by the simplicity of prescribing the same penalty for everyone convicted of the same offense, and their rhetoric implied that this would somehow maximize both fairness and crime prevention. The just deserts perspective emphasizes punishment in proportion to the amount of harm done and the rated culpability of the criminal actor. The just desert model of sentencing is based on a philosophy of retribution. Founded on the Principle of Commensurate Deserts, the just desert model holds that punishment should be proportional to the seriousness of an offender’s criminal conduct. This principle is defined by the harm done and the level of culpability attributed to the offender. These principles, in certain important respects, recall the arguments of the classical criminologist Cesare Beccaria (1738-94) for due process in the criminal justice system and are based on a similar understanding of the social contract, which is supposed to apply equally and fairly to everyone. Retributive punishment is thereby regarded as ensuring that offenders do not profit from their wrongdoing. Yet as critics have argued, the fundamental flaw in this line of thinking is that it is applicable only if social relations are just and equal, otherwise there is no equilibrium to restore. In reality, offenders tend to be already socially disadvantaged, so that punishment actually increases inequality rather reducing it (Cavadino and Dignan 42). Sometimes just desert can be negative in the sense of unwanted, as well as something regarded as a good. The fact that the Nazi war criminals did what they did means they deserve punishment: We have a good reason to send them to jail, on the basis of just desert. Other considerations, for example, the fact that nobody will be deterred or that the criminal is old and harmless, may weigh against punishment, and we may even decide not to pursue the case for that reason. But, again, that does not mean that deserving to be punished is irrelevant, just that we’ve decided for other reasons to ignore desert in this case. But again: A principle’s being outweighed is not the same as its having no importance. Expressing both equality and entitlements, our social moral code pulls in different directions. How, then, are we to determine when one principle is more important? Unless we are moral relativists, the mere fact that equality and entitlements are both part of our moral code does not in itself justify a person’s reliance on them, any more than the fact that our moral code once condemned racial mixing while condoning sexual discrimination and slavery should convince us that those principles are justified. Because we know that the rules that define acceptable behavior are continually changing, and sometimes changing for the better, we must allow for the replacement of inferior principles with more reasonable guidelines. There is perhaps a stronger moral argument for the use of the just desert rooted in death penalty (Reiman, 1988). By deliberately causing the death of another, the murderer incurs a moral debt: the loss of his or her own life is earned as a just desert. By taking another person’s life, the offender has treated their victim as having lesser worth than they afford to themself, as presumably they would not willingly accept the same act to be inflicted against themself. Capital punishment for those who commit murder restores an equilibrium. The wrongdoer experiences suffering to the same extent that they inflicted upon another. The ‘golden rule’ of ‘doing unto others what one would want others to do unto one’ is restored, as the punishment impresses upon the offender that their worth is equal to that of their victim. It also has a symbolic value by reaffirming publicly the moral commitment to the ‘golden rule’ as a societal value. On these grounds, Rawlings (1999) defends just desert in principle. He opposes it in practice, however, as in the United States, imposition of the death penalty is discriminatory. To take just one example: the odds of a black person being sentenced to death for the murder of a white victim are far higher than the corresponding odds when a white person murders a black victim. Restorative justice is not without its critics, who point out that there are few safeguards to protect the most vulnerable groups from the pious moralizing of reintegrative shaming. This absence of accountability compounds the lack of protection for the offender in terms of appeals to legal process and due rights. Fundamental issues remain over whether just desert challenges social control or casts the net of social control deeper into the community. References Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2002). The Penal System: An Introduction, 3rd edn, London: Sage. Rawlings, P. (1999). Crime and Power: A History of Criminal Justice, 1688-1998, Harlow: Longman. Reiman, J. (1988). ‘The Justice of the Death Penalty in an Unjust World’, in K. Haas and J. A. Inciardi (eds) Challenging Capital Punishment: Legal and Social Science Approaches, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Raising Capital in the Financial Markets Essays

Raising Capital in the Financial Markets Essays Raising Capital in the Financial Markets Essay Raising Capital in the Financial Markets Essay CHAPTER 14 Raising Capital in the Financial Markets CHAPTER ORIENTATION This chapter considers the market environment in which long-term capital is raised. The underlying rationale for the existence of security markets is presented, investment banking services and procedures are detailed, private placements are discussed, and security market regulation is reviewed. CHAPTER OUTLINE I. The mix of corporate securities sold in the capital market. A. When corporations raise cash in the capital market, what type of financing vehicle is most favored? The answer to this question is corporate bonds. The corporate debt markets clearly dominate the corporate equity markets when new (external) funds are being raised. B. From our discussion on the cost of capital, we understand that the U. S. tax system inherently favors debt as a means of raising capital. During the 1999-2001 period, bonds and notes accounted for about 76. 9 percent of new corporate securities sold for cash. II. Why financial markets exist A. Financial markets consist of institutions and procedures that facilitate transactions in all types of financial claims. B. Some economic units spend more than they earn during a given period of time. Some economic units spend less than they earn. Accordingly, a mechanism is needed to facilitate the transfer of savings from those economic units that have a savings surplus to those that have a savings deficit. Financial markets provide such a mechanism. C. The function of financial markets then is to allocate savings in an economy to the ultimate demander (user) of the savings. D. If there were no financial markets, the wealth of an economy would be lessened. Savings could not be transferred to economic units, such as business firms, which are most in need of those funds. III. Financing business: The movement of funds through the economy. A. In a normal year the household sector is the largest net supplier of funds to the financial markets. We call the household sector then a savings-surplus sector. 1. The household sector can also be a savings-deficit sector. 2. From 1995 – 1999, the household sector was a net user of financial capital as a result of taking advantage of low interest rate mortgages. B. In contrast, the nonfinancial business sector is typically a savings-deficit sector. 1. The nonfinancial business sector can also be a savings-surplus sector. . Economic conditions and corporate profitability influence the ability of this sector to provide funds to the financial market. C. In recent years, the foreign sector has become a major savings-surplus sector. D. Within the domestic economy, the nonfinancial business sector is dependent on the household sector to finance its investment needs. E. The movement of savings through the economy occur s in three distinct ways: 1. The direct transfer of funds 2. Indirect transfer using the investment banker 3. Indirect transfer using the financial intermediary IV. Components of the U. S. financial market system A. Public offerings can be distinguished from private placements. 1. The public (financial) market is an impersonal market in which both individual and institutional investors have the opportunity to acquire securities. a. A public offering takes place in the public market. b. The security-issuing firm does not meet (face-to-face) the actual investors in the securities. 2. In a private placement of securities, only a limited number of investors have the opportunity to purchase a portion of the issue. a. The market for private placements is more personal than its public counterpart. b. The specific details of the issue may actually be developed on a face-to-face basis among the potential investors and the issuer. c. Venture capital (1)Start-up firms often turn to venture capitalists to raise funds. (a)Broader public markets find these firms too risky. (b)Venture capitalists are willing to accept the risks because of an expectation of higher returns. (1)Venture capital firms that acquire equity in a start-up firm manage risk by sitting on the firm’s board of directors r actively monitoring management’s activities. (2)Venture capital is often provided by established non-venture-capitalist firms that take a minority investment position in an emerging firm or create a separate venture capital subsidiary. (a)The investment approach allows the established firm to gain access to new technology and to create strategic alliances. (b)The subsidiary approach allows the established firm to retain human and intellectual capital. B. Primary markets can be distinguished from secondary markets. 1. Securities are first offered for sale in a primary market. For example, the sale of a new bond issue, preferred stock issue, or common stock issue takes place in the primary market. These transactions increase the total stock of financial assets in existence in the economy. 2. Trading in currently existing securities takes place in the secondary market. The total stock of financial assets is unaffected by such transactions. C. The money market can be distinguished from the capital market. 1. The money market consists of the institutions and procedures that provide for transactions in short-term debt instruments which are generally issued by borrowers who have very high credit ratings. . Short-term means that the securities traded in the money market have maturity periods of not more than 1 year. b. Equity instruments are not traded in the money market. c. Typical examples of money market instruments are (l) U. S. Treasury bills, (2) federal agency securities, (3) bankers acceptances, (4) negotiable certificates of deposit, and (5) commercial paper. 2. The capital market consists of the institutions and procedures that provide for transactions in long-term financial instruments. This market encompasses those securities that have maturity periods extending beyond 1 year. D. Organized security exchanges can be distinguished from over-the-counter markets. 1. Organized security exchanges are tangible entities whose activities are governed by a set of bylaws. Security exchanges physically occupy space and financial instruments are traded on such premises. a. Major stock exchanges must comply with a strict set of reporting requirements established by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These exchanges are said to be registered. b. Organized security exchanges provide several benefits to both corporations and investors. They (l) provide a continuous market, (2) establish and publicize fair security prices, and (3) help businesses raise new financial capital. c. A corporation must take steps to have its securities listed on an exchange in order to directly receive the benefits noted above. Listing criteria differ from exchange to exchange. 2. Over-the-counter markets include all security markets except the organized exchanges. The money market is a prominent example. Most corporate bonds are traded over-the-counter. . NASDAQ, a telecommunication system providing an information link among brokers and dealers in the OTC markets, accounted for 43% of the national exchange equity market trading in the U. S. , measured in dollar volume for the year 1998. Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. trades securities of over 3,600 public companies as of 2002. V. The Investment Banker A. The investment banker is a financial specialist wh o acts as an intermediary in the selling of securities. The investment banker works for an investment banking house (firm). B. Three basic functions are provided by the investment banker: 1. The investment banker assumes the risk of selling a new security issue at a satisfactory (profitable) price. This is called underwriting. Typically, the investment banking house, along with the underwriting syndicate, actually buys the new issue from the corporation that is raising funds. The syndicate (group of investment banking firms) then sells the issue to the investing public at a higher (hopefully) price than it paid for it. 2. The investment banker provides for the distribution of the securities to the investing public. 3. The investment banker advises firms on the details of selling securities. C. Several distribution methods are available for placing new securities into the hands of final investors. The investment bankers role is different in each case. 1. In a negotiated purchase, the firm in need of funds contacts an investment banker and begins the sequence of steps leading to the final distribution of the securities that will be offered. The price that the investment banker pays for the securities is negotiated with the issuing firm. 2. In a competitive-bid purchase, the investment banker and underwriting syndicate are selected by an auction process. The syndicate willing to pay the greatest dollar amount per new security to the issuing firm wins the competitive bid. This means that it will underwrite and distribute the issue. In this situation, the price paid to the issuer is not negotiated; instead, it is determined by a sealed-bid process much on the order of construction bids. 3. In a commission (or best-efforts), offering the investment banker does not act as an underwriter but rather attempts to sell the issue in return for a fixed commission on each security that is actually sold. Unsold securities are simply returned to the firm hoping to raise funds. . In a privileged subscription, the new issue is not offered to the investing public. It is sold to a definite and limited group of investors. Current stockholders are often the privileged group. 5. In a direct sale, the issuing firm sells the securities to the investing public without involving an investment banker in the process. This is not a typical procedure. VI. More o n Private placements: The Debt Side A. Each year billions of dollars of new securities are privately (directly) placed with final investors. In a private placement, a small number of investors purchase the entire security offering. Most private placements involve debt instruments. B. Large financial institutions are the major investors in private placements. These include (l) life insurance firms, (2) state and local retirement funds, and (3) private pension funds. C. The advantages and disadvantages of private placements as opposed to public offerings must be carefully evaluated by management. 1. The advantages include (a) greater speed than a public offering in actually obtaining the needed funds, (b) lower flotation costs than are associated with a public issue, and (c) increased flexibility in the financing contract. 2. The disadvantages include (a) higher interest costs than are ordinarily associated with a comparable public issue, (b) the imposition of restrictive covenants in the financing contract, and (c) the possibility that the security may have to be registered some time in the future at the lenders option. VII. Flotation costs A. The firm raising long-term capital typically incurs two types of flotation costs: (l) the underwriters spread and (2) issuing costs. The former is typically the larger. 1. The underwriters spread is the difference between the gross and net proceeds from a specific security issue. This absolute dollar difference is usually expressed as a percent of the gross proceeds. 2. Many components comprise issue costs. The two most significant are (l) printing and engraving and (2) legal fees. For comparison purposes, these are usually expressed as a percent of the issues gross proceeds. B. SEC data reveal two relationships about flotation costs. 1. Issue costs (as a percent of gross proceeds) for common stock exceed those of preferred stock, which exceed those of bonds. 2. Total flotation costs per dollar raised decrease as the dollar size of the security issue increases. VIII. Regulation A. The primary market is governed by the Securities Act of 1933. 1. The intent of this federal regulation is to provide potential investors with accurate and truthful disclosure about the firm and the new securities being sold. 2. Unless exempted, the corporation selling securities to the public must register the securities with the SEC. 3. Exemptions allow follow for a variety of conditions. For example, if the size of the offering is small enough (less than $1. 5 million), the offering does not have to be registered. If the issue is already regulated or controlled by some other federal agency, registration with the SEC is not required. Railroad issues and public utility issues are examples. 4. If not exempted, a registration statement is filed with the SEC containing particulars about the security-issuing firm and the new security. 5. A copy of the prospectus, a summary registration statement, is also filed. It will not yet have the selling price of the security printed on it; it is referred to as a red herring and called that until approved by the SEC. 6. If the information in the registration statement and prospectus is satisfactory to the SEC, the firm can proceed to sell the new issue. If the information is not satisfactory, a stop order is issued which prevents the immediate sale of the issue. Deficiencies have to be corrected to the satisfaction of the SEC before the firm can sell the securities. 7. The SEC does not evaluate the investment quality of any issue. It is concerned instead with the presentation of complete and accurate information upon which the potential investor can act. B. The secondary market is regulated by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This federal act created the SEC. It has many aspects. 1. Major security exchanges must register with the SEC. 2. Insider trading must be reported to the SEC. 3. Manipulative trading that affects security prices is prohibited. 4. Proxy procedures are controlled by the SEC. 5. The Federal Reserve Board has the responsibility of setting margin requirements. This affects the proportion of a security purchase that can be made via credit. C. The Securities Acts Amendments of 1975 touched on three important issues. 1. Congress mandated the creation of a national market system (NMS). Implementation details of the NMS were left to the SEC. Agreement on the final form of the NMS is yet to come. 2. Fixed commissions (also called fixed brokerage rates) on public transactions in securities were eliminated. 3. Financial institutions, like commercial banks and insurance firms, were prohibited from acquiring membership on stock exchanges where their purpose in so doing might be to reduce or save commissions on their own trades. D. In March 1982, the SEC adopted Rule 415. This process is now known as a shelf registration or a shelf offering. . This allows the firm to avoid the lengthy, full registration process each time a public offering of securities is desired. 2. In effect, a master registration statement that covers the financing plans of the firm over the coming two years is filed with the SEC. After approval, the securities are sold to the investing public in a piecemeal fashion or off the shelf. 3. Prior to each specific offering, a short statement about the iss ue is filed with the SEC. E. Congress passed in July 2002 the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act. The short name for the act became the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 1. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed as the result of a large series of corporate indiscretions. 2. The act contains 11 â€Å"titles† which tightened significantly the latitudes given to corporate advisors (like accountants, lawyers, company officers, and boards of directors) who have access to or influence company decisions. 3. The initial title of the act created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. This board’s purpose is to regulate the accounting industry relative to public companies that they audit. Members are appointed by the SEC. . As recently June of 2003, the oversight board itself published a set of ethics rules to police its own set of activities. IX. The Multinational Firm: Efficient Financial Markets and Intercountry Risk A. The United States’ highly developed, complex and competitive financial markets facilitate the transfer of savings from the saving-surplus sector to the saving-deficit sector. B. Multinational firms are reluctant to invest in countries with ineffective financial systems. 1. Financial and political systems lacking integrity will often be rejected for direct investment by multinational firms. . Countries that experience significant devaluation of its currency may also be considered too risky for investment. ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 14-1. Financial markets are institutions and procedures that facilitate transactions in all types of financial claims. Financial markets perform the function of allocating savings in the economy to the ultimate demander(s) of the savings. Without these financial markets, the total wealth of the economy would be lessened. Financial markets aid the rate of capital formation in the economy. 14-2. A financial intermediary issues its own type of security which is called an indirect security. It does this to attract funds. Once the funds are attracted, the intermediary purchases the financial claims of other economic units in order to generate a return on the invested funds. A life insurance company, for example, issues life insurance policies (its indirect security) and buys corporate bonds in large quantities. 14-3. The money market consists of all institutions and procedures that accomplish transactions in short-term debt instruments issued by borrowers with (typically) high credit ratings. Examples of securities traded in the money market include U. S. Treasury Bills, bankers’ acceptances, and commercial paper. Notice that all of these are debt instruments. Equity securities are not traded in the money market. It is entirely an over-the-counter market. On the other hand, the capital market provides for transactions in long-term financial claims (those claims with maturity periods extending beyond one year). Trades in the capital market can take place on organized security exchanges or over-the-counter markets. 14-4. Organized stock exchanges provide for: (1)A continuous market. This means a series of continuous security prices is generated. Price changes between trades are dampened, reducing price volatility, and enhancing the liquidity of securities. (2)Establishing and publicizing fair security prices. Prices on an organized exchange are determined in the manner of an auction. Moreover, the prices are published in widely available media like newspapers. (3)An aftermarket to aid businesses in the flotation of new security issues. The continuous pricing mechanism provided by the exchanges facilitates the determination of offering prices in new flotations. The initial buyer of the new issue has a ready market in which he can sell the security should he need liquidity rather than a financial asset. 14-5. The criteria for listing can be labeled as follows: (1) profitability; (2) size; (3) market value; (4) public ownership. 14-6. Most bonds are traded among very large financial institutions. Life insurance companies and pension funds are typical examples. These institutions deal in large quantities (blocks) of securities. An over-the-counter bond dealer can easily bring together a few buyers and sellers of these large quantities of bonds. By comparison, common stocks are owned by millions of investors. The organized exchanges are necessary to accomplish the fragmented trading in equities. 14-7. The investment banker is a middleman involved in the channeling of savings into long-term investment. He performs the functions of: (1) underwriting; (2) distributing; (3) advising. By assuming underwriting risk, the investment banker and his syndicate purchase the securities from the issuer and hope to sell them at a higher price. Distributing the securities means getting those financial claims into the hands of the ultimate investor. This is accomplished through the syndicates selling group. Finally, the investment banker can provide the corporate client with sound advice on which type of security to issue, when to issue it, and how to price it. 14-8. In a negotiated purchase, the corporate security issuer and the managing investment banker negotiate the price that the investment banker will pay the issuer for the new offering of securities. In a competitive-bid situation, the price paid to the corporate security issuer is determined by competitive (sealed) bids, which are submitted by several nvestment banking syndicates hoping to win the right to underwrite the offering. 14-9. Investment banking syndicates are established for three key reasons: (1) the investment banker who originates the business probably cannot afford to purchase the entire new issue himself; (2) to spread the risk of loss among several underwriters; (3) to widen the distribution network. 14-10. Several positive benefits are associated with p rivate placements. The first is speed. Funds can be obtained quickly, primarily due to the absence of a required registration with the SEC. Second, flotation costs are lower as compared to public offerings of the same dollar size. Third, greater financing flexibility is associated with the private placement. All of the funds, for example, need not be borrowed at once. They can be taken over a period of time. Elements of the debt contract can also be renegotiated during the life of the loan. 14-11. As a percent of gross proceeds, flotation costs are inversely related to the dollar size of the new issue. Additionally, common stock is more expensive to issue than preferred stock, which is more expensive to issue than debt. 4-12. The answer on this is clear. The corporate debt markets dominate the corporate equity markets when new funds are raised. The tax system of the U. S. economy favors debt financing by making interest expense deductible from income when computing the firms federal tax liability. Consider all corporate securities offered for cash over the period 1999-2001. The percentage of the total represented by bond s and notes was 76. 9 percent compared to 23. 1 percent equity. 14-13. The household sector is the largest net supplier of savings to the financial markets. Foreign financial investors have recently been net suppliers of savings to the financial markets. On the other hand, the nonfinancial corporate business sector is most often a savings-deficit sector. The U. S. Government sector too is a deficit sector in most years. 14-14. First, there may be a direct transfer of savings from the investor to the borrower. Second, there may be an indirect transfer that used the services provided by an investment banker. Third, there may be an indirect transfer that uses the services of a financial intermediary. Private pension funds and life insurance companies are prominent examples of the latter case.

How to Save PHP Files in Mac TextEdit

How to Save PHP Files in Mac TextEdit TextEdit is a simple text editor that comes standard on every Apple Macintosh computer. By following a few simple steps, you can use the TextEdit program to create and save PHP files. PHP is a server-side programming language that is used in conjunction with HTML to enhance the features of a website. Open TextEdit ​If the icon for TextEdit is  located on the dock, as it is when the computer ships, just click the icon to launch TextEdit. Otherwise, Open a Finder window by clicking on the Finder icon in the dock.Choose Applications from the menu on the left.In the list of applications on the right side of the screen, find and double-click TextEdit. Change the TextEdit Preferences From the Format menu at the top of the screen, choose Make Plain Text. If you dont see this option, but see Make Rich Text, the document is already set for plain text.Select Preferences from the TextEdit menu at the top of the screen.Click the New Document tab and confirm the radio button next to Plain text is selected.Click the Open and Save tab and confirm the box next to Display HTML files as HTML code instead of formatted text is checked. Enter the Code Type the  PHP code into TextEdit. Save theFile Choose Save  from the File menu.Enter your_file_name.php into the Save As field, being sure to include the .php extension.Click the Save button. If a pop-up  asks you if you want to use .txt or .php as the file extension. Click the Use .php button. Testing You cannot test your PHP code in TextEdit. You can test it in PHP if you have it on your Mac, or you can download an emulator app from the Mac App Store- PHP Code Tester, PHP Runner and qPHP can all be used to test the accuracy of your code. Just copy it from the TextEdit File and paste it into the application screen.

Ethical v. unethical hacking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical v. unethical hacking - Research Paper Example The revelations of individuals such as Julian Assange and Edward Snowden have underscored the pertinence and relevance of considering the potential for information to be compromised, hacked, and used by third parties that have never been given license or permission for such use. As such, the relevance of hacking is something that not only considers an individual hacker but entire corporations, or national security apparatus. For this very reason, the following plan will provide an overview for how information will be included, what will be discussed and what metrics will be utilized to measure and draw inference upon hacking and the differential, if any exists, between â€Å"ethical† and â€Å"unethical† hacking. In this way, the following brief discussion has analyzed a litany of both primary and secondary texts in the attempt to provide a valid and fair overview into the issues at hand. Furthermore, by discussing and analyzing the different theoretical approaches that different authors have made, in determining ethics and/or the definitions/interpretation of hacking, the analysis has engaged in a diverse approach to the literature and sought to reflect this with respect to the representations and determinations that have been made. In this evolved and highly digital era, cyber security is probably the most notable type of security individuals and companies ought to be concerned with. Businesses, governments, schools, banks, hospitals and virtually every modern institution that comes to mind keeps and organizes information it acquires electronically. Individuals also have a host of information stored electronically. This implies that highly sensitive information – from account and credit card numbers, to phone bills and medical records – is available to people who can decide to steal, manipulate, or share the information maliciously (Leeson & Coyne, 2005). Hacking is mostly