Exploring the Chinese Distribution Strategy for Gallo Free Essays

According to China Research and Intelligence (2010), distribution channels are still the key factor to success. Since the Chinese and Hong Kong markets show a slight preference for on-trade channels, especially concerning exclusive products such as wine, EJ Gallo Rose concentrates on them (China Research and Intelligence, 2010). According to Hollensen (2011), given that Gallo Rose is a high quality product selective distribution would be the appropriate form of distribution as Gallo Rose would be targeting a specific market. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring the Chinese Distribution Strategy for Gallo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gallo would depend on Chinese and Hong Kong wholesalers to distribute the wine to hotels and supermarkets, preferably those whom the competitors are not currently using. Therefore, a range of intermediaries has to be chosen carefully: mid to high price restaurants offering Western food, international pubs and lounges build a trading base. Once the wine is established, cooperation with high class Chinese and Hong Kong establishments could be considered. However, a presence in high segment supermarkets will be obligatory to make the product accessible. Jenster and Cheng (2008) stress the rise of other off-trade channels, such as specialty wine stores and online wine-sites. The former is particularly important for new Chinese wine drinkers. The latter will be a part of Gallo’s distribution chain as soon as it reaches a higher market share. As outlined by Bretherton and Carswell (2001), the Chinese distribution system is improving slowly. To set up in Hong Kong and coastal areas of China is relatively easy, as the infrastructure is excellent. Direct exports with the support of an executive office are sufficient. Nonetheless, further expansion will conflict with trade barriers and local protectionism. Areas have to be treated separately and high transaction costs are necessary to build own distribution channels. However, the advantages of higher reliance and lower control costs are obvious. Import taxes in China are lowered according to WTO agreements (9), but still 14% (Yu and Sun et al, 2009) plus value-added and consumption tax. On the other hand, Hong Kong tries to create a wine trading hub with the exemption of import taxes since 2008 (Winechina. com, 2010). How to cite Exploring the Chinese Distribution Strategy for Gallo, Essay examples

Accounting Information System Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Information Systemfor Financial Statements. Answer: Introduction Background: Internal control is important to eliminate the asset risk and to safeguard the plan assets presenting the accurate and reliable financial statements in compliance with legislations and regulations. In order to identify the risks, audit processes on assertion level on substantive and tests of control are to be followed and managing the operational or financial risk policy to control the same. Fruito is a retail organization sells fruits and vegetable to general public and local business organizations. Aims: Considering the business of Fruito and accounting information on payable department, the potential risk may arise on difference between actual order quantity and quantity recognized in the books. Explanations of Expenditure Cycle Expenditure cycle refers to the purchase decisions or actions and is a repetitive procedure to form the purchase orders for products and services. The present report refers the concept and elements of expenditure cycle for ordering fruits and vegetables, receiving fruits and vegetables and the potential impact of the internal risks (Chang et al., 2015). Stages of expenditure cycle: Considering the business of Fruito in the given case in accordance with the accounts payable department, first stage of the expenditure cycle is the ordering material (Rikhardsson Dull, 2016). It is essential to consider the delivery times, policies on return, pricing of the orders along with the order quantity while placing the orders to the supplier and follow the appropriate paperwork. Another stage involved in the cycle is receiving materials for which the organization needs to review the respective invoices and slips to verify the credits and returns (Sangster, 2015). How expenditure could be used in risk and control: In order to control the risk on expenditures it is essential to monitor the availability of the fruits and vegetables along with the consistency of price of the products. Further, it is important to review the ordering and cost budget for fruits and vegetables to discover any error. Risks and their Potential Impact on Fruito Following are the potential risk and impact on the ordering and receiving the stocks can be identified for the organization Fruito: Delivery time is one of the primary risks for ordering and receiving the products by Fruito that will affect the sales revenue and potential customers due to unavailability of products. Risk of return policy is a risk applied to the ordering of fruits and vegetables that would impact the organizational performance during the year end along with the value of product expenses. Inflation risk applies to the ordering and receiving the products in the Fruito organization since it would increase the expenses. Impact of inflation risk might increase the product price and lower the total revenue (Lam et al., 2015). Risk of availability of product is a primary risk for receiving the fruits and vegetables by Fruito since after placing the order, the supplier might not have the requisite number of products. This risk would affect the demand level of the organization and eventually affect the overall performance in terms of revenue (Boyle, DeZoort Hermanson, 2015). Inefficiency risk in terms of accounting information system (AIS) for recording the ordering and receiving details might exist since the AIS involves proper knowledge and skill to main the correct record. In case, the Fruito fails to maintain appropriate details in accounting information system it will affect the accuracy of organizational incomes and expenses. Risk of Complexity in the accounting information system appears because recognition of accounts payable details in the accounting software is complex and requires complete understanding of the application (Vijayakumar Nagaraja, 2012). Accordingly, in case the management fails to follow the recognition steps appropriately, it would reflect false results on the profitability, inventory valuation and quantity of traded products (Newton et al., 2015). Risk of losing the correct data exists if the details on account payables have not been recorded due to lack of correct details on quantity and price of the ordering products. This risk will impact the correctness and accuracy of the financial statements (Yang et al., 2015). Recommendations for Reducing the Risks Recommendation for risk of delivery times: 1. It is suggested that the management of Fruito prepares and confirms the delivery time with the supplier before placing the order. Another recommendation is that Fruito creates a paper document stating the possible penalties on the suppliers if the condition of delivery is not met. Recommendation on Risk of return policy: 1. Fruito is suggested to form policy on return of products for a specified period of time and for specific quantity. Fruito organization is recommended to make provision on return of products based on the previous records so that the performance can be attained following the conservative approach. Recommendation on inflation risk: 1. Fruito is recommended to provide scope for potential inflation rates to the suppliers as well as in the books so that the profitability can be ascertained after the consideration of inflation charges. It is also recommended that Fruito create a provision by considering the market rates and current inflation rates as contingent liability.Recommendation on risk of availability of product: 1. Fruito can check with the suppliers and book the required quantity to receive the appropriate order. Fruito is suggested to maintain the less inventory stock so that the order can be placed on time. Recommendation on Inefficiency risk: 1. Fruito can hire and appoint skilled employees to record the accounts payable details accurately. Fruito organization can outsource and arrange the training sessions to develop the existing employees knowledge on AIS. Recommendation on risk of complexity in the accounting information system: Fruito organization is suggested to segregate the several departments of accounting systems so that the information can be recorded effectively. It is suggested that the organization arrange the recording system on weekly basis or on daily basis to eliminate the risk of error. Recommendation on risk of losing the correct data: 1. It is suggested that Fruito review the trading invoices regularly to ascertain correct results. It is suggested that the organization verify and examines the recognized data with of ordering slips of the fruits and vegetables. Conclusion It can be concluded that the internal risk for Fruito organization in terms of ordering and receiving fruits and vegetables involves several risk. It has been analyzed in the report that ordering and receiving of products involves certain risk on delivery times, inflation, products availability and other risks. However, necessary recommendations have been provided to eliminate the potential risks by forming proper details, review and other necessary procedures to eliminate the potential risks. Reference List Boyle, D. M., DeZoort, F. T., Hermanson, D. R. (2015). The Effects of Internal Audit Report Type and Reporting Relationship on Internal Auditors' Risk Judgments.Accounting Horizons,29(3), 695-718. Chang, B., Kuo, C., Wu, C. H., Tzeng, G. H. (2015). Using fuzzy analytic network process to assess the risks in enterprise resource planning system implementation.Applied Soft Computing,28, 196-207. Lam, H. Y., Choy, K. L., Ho, G. T. S., Cheng, S. W., Lee, C. K. M. (2015). A knowledge-based logistics operations planning system for mitigating risk in warehouse order fulfillment.International Journal of Production Economics,170, 763-779. Newton, N. J., Persellin, J. S., Wang, D., Wilkins, M. S. (2015). Internal control opinion shopping and audit market competition.The Accounting Review,91(2), 603-623. Rikhardsson, P., Dull, R. (2016). An exploratory study of the adoption, application and impacts of continuous auditing technologies in small businesses.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,20, 26-37. Sangster, A. (2015). The genesis of double entry bookkeeping.The Accounting Review,91(1), 299-315. Vijayakumar, A. N., Nagaraja, N. (2012). Internal Control Systems: Effectiveness of Internal Audit in Risk Management at Public Sector Enterprises.BVIMR Management Edge,5(1). Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, H., Yu, B. (2015). Understanding perceived risks in mobile payment acceptance.Industrial Management Data Systems,115(2), 253-269.

Ethical Decisions and Environment of the Business

Question: Imagine yourself in a situation where you are a manager in a government establishment. A bid has been submitted to your office for supply of new computers and your best friends company (Radax) is one of the bidders. Your friend has spoken to you about the bid and you have realized that Radax does not have the best bid. Describe the ethical concerns that have arisen from this scenario. Do you think your choice would be most affected by your individual moral development or by the cultural values of the organization for which you work? Explain. Answer: Ethical decisions are decided by the culture and the environment of the business(Bernardi Hayashi , 2013). Something are accepted in some cultures which may not be accepted in other cultures. For example, in the united States, people exchange gifts during Christmas while in Asian countries gift giving is considered important to build business contacts. Businesses are built for the economic profit of the organizations involved and any kind of personal relationship formed between the parties may lead to one party benefiting more from it(Davidrajuh). It is important that the business aspect of things is maintained and the tasks are executed under the watch of the leaders of the organization. In case of business relationships, personal relationships also suffer because of the stressful environment. In the current case, there are ethical scenarios as personal relationships are involved. Businesses are meant to facilitate interchange of transactions between two parties for economic benefit. The management has a number of responsibilities like division of work, discipline, unit of command and direction, subordination, equity, centralization, remuneration etc. (Venugopalan, 2011). Some of the ethical aspects involved in the tendering process include: The party with the best offer has be to awarded the contract in spite all personal relations and contacts The party should be evaluated on the basis of the price, quality of goods and previous work history only. All information should be circulated equally among the parties and no parties should be given any further importance. There should not be any kind of discrimination and everyone has the opportunity to be awarded the tender given he sticks of the specified criteria. It is the responsibility of the management to employee proper jurisdiction to handle the issue and keep a watch over things. The organization should make sure it is not viewed as an unethical organization in the eyes of the general public. The management has to make sure that the existing reputation of the firm is maintained and examples are laid out for in terms of the ethical practices of the firm. Gift giving in the tendering process could lead to legal action being taken against the parties Some of the things to be kept in mind while awarding a tender to any party are (Ray et al., 2006): There should be proper measures and tools to share the conflict of interest if any. All parties should have equal information and the same should be communicated in a good manner to the interested manner before the proceedings start. The conditions specified should be the same in all aspects and points for all the interested parties. All things required by the legislature as well as the trade practices should be adhered to by the parties interested in the transaction. Cost of the bidding should be borne by the principals The confidentiality of information should be maintained and stuck to by the organization inviting tenders. The buyer and the seller both need to maintain the code of ethics before making any decisions or offer. In this particular case, the manager may decide to award to tender to Radax based on his personal relationships with them and he may even not get penalized or questioned for the same as the same may be regarded as a normal business transaction that meets the specified criteria. However, it is up to his moral judgment whether he deems the activity as ethical or unethical. He is in a state of conflict between his personal thinking and his business ethics. There are different factors that constraint business relations of any company and they include(Davidrajuh): Law: They are imposed by the government through ex post sanction. When performed, the law makes criminal conduct. Market: Regulation of prices of goods and services is done by the law. Code: Physical constraints like geography, mode of communication etc. make up the code. Norms: Social norms are the informal methods of the community and the society. Ethics is said to have a directoral role in this framework i.e. it guides the way the constraints exercise their power. Hence, there is an importance of human flourishing as the ultimate constraints and eventually on the business transactions. In any business environment, upbringing and academic past play a role that cannot be denied. The most important out of all these are values that an individual has. These values guide the decisions made by him all throughout the process. According to the social contract theory, the agents should be responsible for taking care of the needs of the society and that the agents should interact in such a way that the results yield the overall good the society, This shows that business decisions involve some kind of understand as to what is perceived as right and wrong by the individual himself. The social contract theory is made up of the welfare component and the social justice component (Fritzsche, 2007). Being able to understand ones own values and articulate them is very important to make important business decisions and decide his overall behavior (Journal of values based leadership - Valparaiso University, 2008). The three criteria mentioned for moral behavior include(Chmielewski, n.d .): Neutral Vs Prescriptive Encouraging Vs Discouraging Judgmental Vs nonjudgmental It is important that we understand how our own values affect the environment around us. Lawyers receive advice that they should listen to their own moral values and make professional decisions (GREEN*). Corporate culture plays an equally important role in deciding the behavior of an employee. There is a good alignment between the employees own values and that of the employer when the connection is good and powerful. Culture of an organization is the result of the shared beliefs, interactions and values of the people and how it changes their behavior over course of time. The behavior within the organization should be consistent overall. It holds the entire organization together and drives members to commit for a better change. There is also a direct relationship between ethical behavior and organizational culture (Tren n and John Graham Vysok kola Manamentu, no date). The factors holding the culture in place include (Deloitte, 2015): Values of the organization Role of middle level management Accountability Incentives Consistency of information Comfort in employees in speaking up Justice A good and healthy balance of these parameters lays the foundation of good business ethics in the culture of the organization. If these parameters are engrained in good spirit in the organization, it is said to have built a good foundation of business ethics in its culture. Moral and ethics are different terms because morality depends from person to person. One persons moral values may allow him to do something will another persons values may not. The value system of the members of an organization should be same so that they can make consistent business decisions. Conclusion It can be said that my own personal values will guide my decision to grant the tender to Radax. Whether, my value system allows me to value my personal relationships more and think that the matter is not grave enough will decide who gets the tender. The culture of the organization I work for will act as a supporting factor and previous examples and cases will help me make the decision eventually. If my seniors and co employees have laid down standards that I feel I need to adhere to, I will be bound to make rational ethical judgments. References: Chmielewski, C. (n.d.). The Importance of Values and Culture in Ethical Decision Making Davidrajuh, R. (n.d.). Exploring Ethical Implications of Personal Relationship in Dyadic Business Exchanges . Deloitte (2015) Corporate culture: The second ingredient in a world-class ethics and compliance program. Finegan, J. (1994) The impact of personal values on judgments of ethical behaviour in the workplace,Journal of Business Ethics, 13(9), pp. 747755. doi: 10.2307/25072584 Fritzsche, D. (2007). Personal Values Influence on the Ethical Dimension of Decision Making. Journal of Business Ethics. GREEN*, B. A. (n.d.). The Role of Personal Values in Professional. Harrison, K., Galloway, C. (2005). Public relations ethics: A simpler (but not simplistic) approach to the complexities. Rahman, A. (2014). Leadership Ethics and Culture: A Comparative Note Between United States and China. International Journal of Business and Management Invention. Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Gift Giving, Bribery and Corruption: Ethical Management of Business Relationships in China. Journal of Business Ethics. Tren n and John Graham Vysok kola Manamentu (no date) The role of corporate culture in business ethics.

Larger than Me free essay sample

I knew what I had to do but my judgment was over powered by my heart thrashing through my body. Draped in grief black as night I prepared my solemn language of music to help soothe the mourners in their sorrow. I had not been to a funeral since my father’s four years ago, and now I was preparing to play my violin to honor my grandfather at his own. When my mother approached me with this particular task I was quite hesitant. I was not comfortable performing in the open summer breeze of Rosecrans Cemetery, in fact I was not comfortable performing anywhere by myself. My niche was cloaked behind hundreds of other musical instruments within a Symphony Orchestra, not alone with the heat of the spotlight bearing down on me. The thought of standing detached from the rest of the grievers with my violin staring into their tear stained faces frightened me. We will write a custom essay sample on Larger than Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What if I played the wrong note? What if I choked? I pondered the possibilities but one look into my mother’s pleading eyes changed all of my perceptions. This performance was not about me and my potential mistakes and embarrassment. I had to play not only in remembrance of my grandfather, but also for my mother. She held my hand and picked up my petrified body when I learned of my father’s unexpected death. She captured the tears from my broken heart and was my warmth when I saw my father’s ashes buried underneath in the snow. When I blamed myself for my father’s death, my mother was there to comfort and reassure me of my innocence. It was she who helped me through all of my darkest hours and now it was my turn to help her with the loss of her father. The morning of August 8th 2010, I gathered my courage and performed my musical appreciation in honor of my mother, father and the thousands of fallen soldiers like my grandfather, for without any of them, I would not be the person I am today.

USS Wasp World War II CV-7 Aircraft Carrier

USS Wasp World War II CV-7 Aircraft Carrier USS Wasp Overview Nation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: Fore River ShipyardLaid Down: April 1, 1936Launched: April 4, 1939Commissioned: April 25, 1940Fate: Sunk September 15, 1942 Specifications Displacement: 19,423 tonsLength: 741 ft., 3 in.Beam: 109 ft.Draft: 20 ft.Propulsion: 2 Ãâ€" Parsons steam turbines, 6 Ãâ€" boilers at 565 psi, 2 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed: 29.5 knotsRange: 14,000 nautical miles at 15 knotsComplement: 2,167 men Armament Guns 8 Ãâ€" 5 in./.38 cal guns16 Ãâ€" 1.1 in./.75 cal anti-aircraft guns 24 Ãâ€" .50 in. machine guns Aircraft up to 100 aircraft Design Construction In the wake of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, the worlds leading sea powers were restricted in the size and total tonnage of warships they were permitted to build and deploy. Under the treatys initial terms, the United States was allotted 135,000 for aircraft carriers. With the construction of USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Enterprise (CV-6), the US Navy found itself with 15,000 tons remaining in its allowance. Rather than permit this to go unused, they ordered a new carrier built that possessed approximately three-quarters the displacement of Enterprise. Though still a sizable ship, efforts were made to save weight to meet the treatys restrictions. As a result, the new ship, dubbed USS Wasp (CV-7), lacked much of its larger siblings armor and torpedo protection. Wasp also incorporated less powerful machinery which reduced the carriers displacement, but at a cost of around three knots of speed. Laid down at the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, MA on April 1, 1936, Wasp was launched three years later on April 4, 1939. The first American carrier to possess a deck edge aircraft elevator, Wasp was commissioned on April 25, 1940, with Captain John W. Reeves in command. Prewar Service Departing Boston in June, Wasp conducted testing and carrier qualifications through the summer before finishing its last sea trials in September. Assigned to Carrier Division 3, in October 1940, Wasp embarked US Army Air Corps ,P-40 fighters for flight testing. These efforts showed that land-based fighters could fly from a carrier. Through the remainder of the year and into 1941, Wasp largely operated in the Caribbean where it participated in a variety of training exercises. Returning to Norfolk, VA in March, the carrier aided a sinking lumber schooner en route. While at Norfolk, Wasp was fitted with the new CXAM-1 radar. After a brief return to the Caribbean and service off Rhode Island, the carrier received orders to sail for Bermuda. With World War II raging, Wasp operated from Grassy Bay and conducted neutrality patrols in the western Atlantic Ocean. Returning to Norfolk in July, Wasp embarked US Army Air Forces fighters for delivery to Iceland. Delivering the aircraft on August 6, the carrier remained in the Atlantic conducting flight operations until arriving at Trinidad in early September. USS Wasp   Though the United States remained technically neutral, the US Navy was directed to destroy German and Italian warships that threatened Allied convoys. Aiding in convoy escort duties through the fall, Wasp was at Grassy Bay when news arrived of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7. With the United States formal entry into the conflict, Wasp conducted a patrol into the Caribbean before returning to Norfolk for a refit. Departing the yard on January 14, 1942, the carrier accidently collided with USS Stack forcing it to return to Norfolk. Sailing a week later, Wasp joined Task Force 39 en route to Britain. Arriving at Glasgow, the ship was tasked with ferrying Supermarine Spitfire fighters to the beleaguered island of Malta as part of Operation Calendar. Successfully delivering the aircraft in late April, Wasp carried another load of Spitfires to the island in May during Operation Bowery. For this second mission, it was accompanied by the carrier HMS Eagle. With the loss of USS Lexington at the Battle of the Coral Sea in early May, the US Navy decided to transfer Wasp to the Pacific to aid in combating the Japanese. World War II in the Pacific After a brief refit at Norfolk, Wasp sailed for the Panama Canal on May 31 with Captain Forrest Sherman in command. Pausing at San Diego, the carrier embarked an air group of F4F Wildcat fighters, SBD Dauntless dive bombers, and TBF Avenger torpedo bombers. In the wake of the victory at the Battle of Midway in early June, Allied forces elected to go on the offensive in early August by striking at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. To aid this operation, Wasp sailed with Enterprise and USS Saratoga (CV-3) to provide air support for the invasion forces. As American troops went ashore on August 7, aircraft from Wasp struck targets around the Solomons including Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tanambogo. Attacking the seaplane base at Tanambogo, aviators from Wasp destroyed twenty-two Japanese aircraft. Fighters and bombers from Wasp continued to engage the enemy until late on August 8 when Vice Admiral Frank J. Fletcher ordered the carriers to withdraw. A controversial decision, it effectively stripped the invasion troops of their air cover. Later that month, Fletcher ordered Wasp south to refuel leading the carrier to miss the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. In the fighting, Enterprise was damaged leaving Wasp and USS Hornet (CV-8) as the US Navys only operational carriers in the Pacific. USS Wasp Sinking Mid-September found Wasp sailing with Hornet and the battleship USS North Carolina (BB-55) to provide an escort for transports carrying the 7th Marine Regiment to Guadalcanal. At 2:44 PM on September 15, Wasp was conducting flight operations when six torpedoes were spotted in the water. Fired by the Japanese submarine I-19, three struck Wasp despite the carrier turning hard to starboard. Lacking sufficient torpedo protection, the carrier took severe damage as all struck fuel tanks and ammunition supplies. Of the other three torpedoes, one hit the destroyer USS OBrien while another struck North Carolina. Aboard Wasp, the crew desperately attempted to control the spreading fires but damage to the ships water mains prevented them from having success. Additional explosions occurred twenty-four minutes after the attack making the situation worse. Seeing no alternative, Sherman ordered Wasp abandoned at 3:20 PM. The survivors were taken off by nearby destroyers and cruisers. In the course of the attack and attempts to fight the fires, 193 men were killed. A burning hulk, Wasp was finished off by torpedoes from the destroyer USS Lansdowne and sunk by the bow at 9:00 PM. Selected Sources DANFS: USS Wasp (CV-7)Military Factory: USS Wasp (CV-7)Hull Number: CV-7

Why Did Romans Fear Rule By Monarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Why Did Romans Fear Rule By Monarchy - Essay Example However, with Tarquinius Priscus, it was said that royal inheritance flowed from the female relations of the deceased monarch. The Roman kings were therefore chosen primarily on their virtues and not royal lineage. The powers wielded by the king are difficult to determine since some historians attribute them with those possessed by later Republican leaders, mainly the Consuls. Modern historians believe that Rome's kings were the chief executive for the senate and the people, and that real power was exercised by the people. Other historians believe that the king had the supreme power and the senate and people only had checks upon his power. The king had the sole right to auspice in behalf of Rome as its chief augur. No public business could be undertaken without consent of the gods whose will were made known through the auspices. Thus, the king is treated with reverence as he is considered the mediator between the gods and the people. The king is therefore the head of the national religion and the is its foremost religious executive. He had the power to control the Roman calendar. He also conducted all religious ceremonies, created lower religious officers, and appointed their officials. Aside from his religious authority, the king also held supreme military and judicial authority by virtue of the Imperium. It was his for life and was protected and gave him immunity from being tried for his actions. This allowed him to exercise vast military powers that could not be checked, for he was commander of all Roman legions. The kings wielded enormous power since there was also an absence of laws which protected citizens from the abuses of officials possessing the Imperium. The Imperium also allowed the king to make legal judgments since he also acts as the chief justice of Rome. He had overall jurisdiction over cases brought before him, whether they are civil or criminal, although he could also assign pontiffs to function as minor judges. The powers vested upon him by the Imperium made the king supreme in both peace and war. Although a council advices the king during trials, it has no power over the king and cannot control his decisions. Some historians believe that the king's decision was final and cannot be appealed. Others say that an appeal can be made by a patrician or member of the elite, during meetings of the Curiate Assembly, which elected magistrates and exercised judicial and legislative powers. The king also had the power to nominate or appoint all officials to offices. He appoints a Tribunus Celerum who is similar to the Praetorian Prefect, and served as the commander of the king's bodyguard. The king appointed the Tribune upon entering office and the Tribune was required to eave his office upon the death of the king. The Tribune was second in rank to the king and possessed the authority to convene the Curiate Assembly. The king also appointed the Praefectus Urbanus who performed the duties of warden of the city. The prefect assumed all the king's powers and abilities when the monarch is absent from the city. He assumed the king's power that he was also bestowed the Imperium while inside the city. There came a point in time when the king also acquired the sole right to appoint patricians to the senate. The Senate and the Curiate Assembly had very little power and authority under the Roman kings. They were not independent bodies that could meet and discuss affairs of state. They could only be convened by the king and their discussions are limited to matters which are presented before them by the monarch. The Curiate Assembly had the power to pas laws presented before

Positive Impacts on Tourism during the Fifa 208 in Russia in Coursework

Positive Impacts on Tourism during the Fifa 208 in Russia in hospitality businesses - Coursework Example A 2018 world cup benefit the hospitality industry of Russia Russia is one of those countries benefiting from the tourism industry and in 2018 FIFA world cup, it will experience abnormal returns in its hospitality industry because it is expected to record the highest number of tourists ever (Kusluvan, 2003). Therefore, Russia will benefit in such ways as, it will end up with 15 world-class stadiums after the event; more than one hundred hotels are currently under construction implying growth of the hospitality industry and increase of revenue, which will finally boost the GDP of the country. Let’s go through what took place in Brazil during the 2014 FIFA world cup. Brazil hospitality industry recorded increases in its hotel revenues (Siobhan, 2014). The total spending hit records in Brazil when international travellers spent US$188M on Visa accounts. This was a 152 percent increase year over year meaning the number of fans also increased compared to the previous figure of 2010 FIFA world cup in south Africa (Du & Maennig, 2011). There was a triple-digit rise in spending in various host cities compared to the previous period. Much of these increments were recorded by hotels, hospitals and other human-caring facilities. For instance, the number of tourists who arrived in Brazil in 2012 was 5.7 million but it was projected that the number would be 10.2 million with a 3% increase for Rio 2014. Therefore, given the average e.g. room rate of $461 during the months of June & July, it is estimated that about $4.7022 revenue will be collected. For sure, hotels greatly benefit when the number of tourists in a given country goes up. This is because it is inevitable to eat and find a good resting place to spend the night while awaiting the following day’s activities. Rio de Janeiro, one of the FIFA hosting cities in Brazil, recorded handsome hospitality revenues in its history thanks to holding the FIFA world cup final match. Accommodation turned out being a problem